安装GPG软件
在macOS上安装GPG
我推荐在masOS上使用 GPG Suite 软件
https://gpgtools.org/
在Windows上安装GPG
我推荐在Windows上使用 Gpg4win 软件
https://www.gpg4win.org/
在macOS上生成GPG密钥
生成主密钥
主密钥类似于SSL领域的根证书,他可以签发子密钥
我们需要为主密钥生成一个高强度的密码,未来任何时候导入主密钥都需要这个密码才可以导入
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$ gpg --gen-random --armor 0 24
ydOmByxmDe63u7gqx2XI9eDgpvJwibNH
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然后开始生成主密钥
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$ gpg --expert --full-generate-key
Please select what kind of key you want:
(1) RSA and RSA (default)
(2) DSA and Elgamal
(3) DSA (sign only)
(4) RSA (sign only)
(7) DSA (set your own capabilities)
(8) RSA (set your own capabilities)
(9) ECC and ECC
(10) ECC (sign only)
(11) ECC (set your own capabilities)
(13) Existing key
Your selection? 8
Possible actions for a RSA key: Sign Certify Encrypt Authenticate
Current allowed actions: Sign Certify Encrypt
(S) Toggle the sign capability
(E) Toggle the encrypt capability
(A) Toggle the authenticate capability
(Q) Finished
Your selection? E
Possible actions for a RSA key: Sign Certify Encrypt Authenticate
Current allowed actions: Sign Certify
(S) Toggle the sign capability
(E) Toggle the encrypt capability
(A) Toggle the authenticate capability
(Q) Finished
Your selection? S
Possible actions for a RSA key: Sign Certify Encrypt Authenticate
Current allowed actions: Certify
(S) Toggle the sign capability
(E) Toggle the encrypt capability
(A) Toggle the authenticate capability
(Q) Finished
Your selection? Q
RSA keys may be between 1024 and 4096 bits long.
What keysize do you want? (2048) 4096
Requested keysize is 4096 bits
Please specify how long the key should be valid.
0 = key does not expire
<n> = key expires in n days
<n>w = key expires in n weeks
<n>m = key expires in n months
<n>y = key expires in n years
Key is valid for? (0) 0
Key does not expire at all
Is this correct? (y/N) y
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有一个特别重要的一点,不要给主密钥设置过期时间,在不泄露的情况下,最好一个主密钥用一辈子,它是你加密世界的入口,你唯一的身份证明
输入身份信息,名字可以填假的,邮箱要填真的。如果要使用GPG给你的git提交签名的话,需要邮箱一致方可生效
密钥的身份信息可以随时修改,修改之后重新导出公钥对外发布即可,所以不用在这个步骤纠结
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GnuPG needs to construct a user ID to identify your key.
Real name: Dr Duh
Email address: [email protected]
Comment: [Optional - leave blank]
You selected this USER-ID:
"Dr Duh <[email protected]>"
Change (N)ame, (C)omment, (E)mail or (O)kay/(Q)uit? o
We need to generate a lot of random bytes. It is a good idea to perform
some other action (type on the keyboard, move the mouse, utilize the
disks) during the prime generation; this gives the random number
generator a better chance to gain enough entropy.
gpg: /tmp.FLZC0xcM/trustdb.gpg: trustdb created
gpg: key 0xFF3E7D88647EBCDB marked as ultimately trusted
gpg: directory '/tmp.FLZC0xcM/openpgp-revocs.d' created
gpg: revocation certificate stored as '/tmp.FLZC0xcM/openpgp-revocs.d/011CE16BD45B27A55BA8776DFF3E7D88647EBCDB.rev'
public and secret key created and signed.
pub rsa4096/0xFF3E7D88647EBCDB 2017-10-09 [C]
Key fingerprint = 011C E16B D45B 27A5 5BA8 776D FF3E 7D88 647E BCDB
uid Dr Duh <[email protected]>
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将密钥ID设置为环境变量,方面下面操作
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export KEYID=0xFF3E7D88647EBCDB
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生成子密钥
现在我们需要生成子密钥,子密钥有3种类型
- 签名
- 加密
- 验证
我们需要进入编辑模式来给主密钥添加子密钥
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$ gpg --expert --edit-key $KEYID
Secret key is available.
sec rsa4096/0xEA5DE91459B80592
created: 2017-10-09 expires: never usage: C
trust: ultimate validity: ultimate
[ultimate] (1). Dr Duh <[email protected]>
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生成签名子密钥
通过选择(4) RSA (sign only)
来生成签名子密钥
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gpg> addkey
Key is protected.
You need a passphrase to unlock the secret key for
user: "Dr Duh <[email protected]>"
4096-bit RSA key, ID 0xFF3E7D88647EBCDB, created 2016-05-24
Please select what kind of key you want:
(3) DSA (sign only)
(4) RSA (sign only)
(5) Elgamal (encrypt only)
(6) RSA (encrypt only)
(7) DSA (set your own capabilities)
(8) RSA (set your own capabilities)
Your selection? 4
RSA keys may be between 1024 and 4096 bits long.
What keysize do you want? (2048) 4096
Requested keysize is 4096 bits
Please specify how long the key should be valid.
0 = key does not expire
<n> = key expires in n days
<n>w = key expires in n weeks
<n>m = key expires in n months
<n>y = key expires in n years
Key is valid for? (0) 1y
Key expires at Mon 10 Sep 2018 00:00:00 PM UTC
Is this correct? (y/N) y
Really create? (y/N) y
We need to generate a lot of random bytes. It is a good idea to perform
some other action (type on the keyboard, move the mouse, utilize the
disks) during the prime generation; this gives the random number
generator a better chance to gain enough entropy.
sec rsa4096/0xFF3E7D88647EBCDB
created: 2017-10-09 expires: never usage: C
trust: ultimate validity: ultimate
ssb rsa4096/0xBECFA3C1AE191D15
created: 2017-10-09 expires: 2018-10-09 usage: S
[ultimate] (1). Dr Duh <[email protected]>
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生成加密子密钥
通过选择(6) RSA (encrypt only)
来生成加密子密钥
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gpg> addkey
Please select what kind of key you want:
(3) DSA (sign only)
(4) RSA (sign only)
(5) Elgamal (encrypt only)
(6) RSA (encrypt only)
(7) DSA (set your own capabilities)
(8) RSA (set your own capabilities)
(10) ECC (sign only)
(11) ECC (set your own capabilities)
(12) ECC (encrypt only)
(13) Existing key
Your selection? 6
RSA keys may be between 1024 and 4096 bits long.
What keysize do you want? (2048) 4096
Requested keysize is 4096 bits
Please specify how long the key should be valid.
0 = key does not expire
<n> = key expires in n days
<n>w = key expires in n weeks
<n>m = key expires in n months
<n>y = key expires in n years
Key is valid for? (0) 1y
Key expires at Mon 10 Sep 2018 00:00:00 PM UTC
Is this correct? (y/N) y
Really create? (y/N) y
We need to generate a lot of random bytes. It is a good idea to perform
some other action (type on the keyboard, move the mouse, utilize the
disks) during the prime generation; this gives the random number
generator a better chance to gain enough entropy.
sec rsa4096/0xFF3E7D88647EBCDB
created: 2017-10-09 expires: never usage: C
trust: ultimate validity: ultimate
ssb rsa4096/0xBECFA3C1AE191D15
created: 2017-10-09 expires: 2018-10-09 usage: S
ssb rsa4096/0x5912A795E90DD2CF
created: 2017-10-09 expires: 2018-10-09 usage: E
[ultimate] (1). Dr Duh <[email protected]>
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生成验证子密钥
注意GPG没有提供仅验证的密钥类型,我们需要选择(8) RSA (set your own capabilities)
,然后把密钥功能全部关闭,直到密钥功能只剩下Authenticate
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gpg> addkey
Please select what kind of key you want:
(3) DSA (sign only)
(4) RSA (sign only)
(5) Elgamal (encrypt only)
(6) RSA (encrypt only)
(7) DSA (set your own capabilities)
(8) RSA (set your own capabilities)
(10) ECC (sign only)
(11) ECC (set your own capabilities)
(12) ECC (encrypt only)
(13) Existing key
Your selection? 8
Possible actions for a RSA key: Sign Encrypt Authenticate
Current allowed actions: Sign Encrypt
(S) Toggle the sign capability
(E) Toggle the encrypt capability
(A) Toggle the authenticate capability
(Q) Finished
Your selection? S
Possible actions for a RSA key: Sign Encrypt Authenticate
Current allowed actions: Encrypt
(S) Toggle the sign capability
(E) Toggle the encrypt capability
(A) Toggle the authenticate capability
(Q) Finished
Your selection? E
Possible actions for a RSA key: Sign Encrypt Authenticate
Current allowed actions:
(S) Toggle the sign capability
(E) Toggle the encrypt capability
(A) Toggle the authenticate capability
(Q) Finished
Your selection? A
Possible actions for a RSA key: Sign Encrypt Authenticate
Current allowed actions: Authenticate
(S) Toggle the sign capability
(E) Toggle the encrypt capability
(A) Toggle the authenticate capability
(Q) Finished
Your selection? Q
RSA keys may be between 1024 and 4096 bits long.
What keysize do you want? (2048) 4096
Requested keysize is 4096 bits
Please specify how long the key should be valid.
0 = key does not expire
<n> = key expires in n days
<n>w = key expires in n weeks
<n>m = key expires in n months
<n>y = key expires in n years
Key is valid for? (0) 1y
Key expires at Mon 10 Sep 2018 00:00:00 PM UTC
Is this correct? (y/N) y
Really create? (y/N) y
We need to generate a lot of random bytes. It is a good idea to perform
some other action (type on the keyboard, move the mouse, utilize the
disks) during the prime generation; this gives the random number
generator a better chance to gain enough entropy.
sec rsa4096/0xFF3E7D88647EBCDB
created: 2017-10-09 expires: never usage: C
trust: ultimate validity: ultimate
ssb rsa4096/0xBECFA3C1AE191D15
created: 2017-10-09 expires: 2018-10-09 usage: S
ssb rsa4096/0x5912A795E90DD2CF
created: 2017-10-09 expires: 2018-10-09 usage: E
ssb rsa4096/0x3F29127E79649A3D
created: 2017-10-09 expires: 2018-10-09 usage: A
[ultimate] (1). Dr Duh <[email protected]>
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保存子密钥的修改
为密钥添加额外的身份信息
前面说过密钥的身份信息可以随时修改,现在教你如何修改密钥的身份信息
首先进入密钥的编辑模式
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$ gpg --expert --edit-key $KEYID
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然后添加新身份
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gpg> adduid
Real name: Dr Duh
Email address: [email protected]
Comment:
You selected this USER-ID:
"Dr Duh <[email protected]>"
sec rsa4096/0xFF3E7D88647EBCDB
created: 2017-10-09 expires: never usage: C
trust: ultimate validity: ultimate
ssb rsa4096/0xBECFA3C1AE191D15
created: 2017-10-09 expires: never usage: S
ssb rsa4096/0x5912A795E90DD2CF
created: 2017-10-09 expires: never usage: E
ssb rsa4096/0x3F29127E79649A3D
created: 2017-10-09 expires: never usage: A
[ultimate] (1). Dr Duh <[email protected]>
[ unknown] (2). Dr Duh <[email protected]>
gpg> trust
sec rsa4096/0xFF3E7D88647EBCDB
created: 2017-10-09 expires: never usage: C
trust: ultimate validity: ultimate
ssb rsa4096/0xBECFA3C1AE191D15
created: 2017-10-09 expires: never usage: S
ssb rsa4096/0x5912A795E90DD2CF
created: 2017-10-09 expires: never usage: E
ssb rsa4096/0x3F29127E79649A3D
created: 2017-10-09 expires: never usage: A
[ultimate] (1). Dr Duh <[email protected]>
[ unknown] (2). Dr Duh <[email protected]>
Please decide how far you trust this user to correctly verify other users' keys
(by looking at passports, checking fingerprints from different sources, etc.)
1 = I don't know or won't say
2 = I do NOT trust
3 = I trust marginally
4 = I trust fully
5 = I trust ultimately
m = back to the main menu
Your decision? 5
Do you really want to set this key to ultimate trust? (y/N) y
sec rsa4096/0xFF3E7D88647EBCDB
created: 2017-10-09 expires: never usage: C
trust: ultimate validity: ultimate
ssb rsa4096/0xBECFA3C1AE191D15
created: 2017-10-09 expires: never usage: S
ssb rsa4096/0x5912A795E90DD2CF
created: 2017-10-09 expires: never usage: E
ssb rsa4096/0x3F29127E79649A3D
created: 2017-10-09 expires: never usage: A
[ultimate] (1). Dr Duh <[email protected]>
[ unknown] (2). Dr Duh <[email protected]>
gpg> uid 1
sec rsa4096/0xFF3E7D88647EBCDB
created: 2017-10-09 expires: never usage: C
trust: ultimate validity: ultimate
ssb rsa4096/0xBECFA3C1AE191D15
created: 2017-10-09 expires: never usage: S
ssb rsa4096/0x5912A795E90DD2CF
created: 2017-10-09 expires: never usage: E
ssb rsa4096/0x3F29127E79649A3D
created: 2017-10-09 expires: never usage: A
[ultimate] (1)* Dr Duh <[email protected]>
[ unknown] (2). Dr Duh <[email protected]>
gpg> primary
sec rsa4096/0xFF3E7D88647EBCDB
created: 2017-10-09 expires: never usage: C
trust: ultimate validity: ultimate
ssb rsa4096/0xBECFA3C1AE191D15
created: 2017-10-09 expires: never usage: S
ssb rsa4096/0x5912A795E90DD2CF
created: 2017-10-09 expires: never usage: E
ssb rsa4096/0x3F29127E79649A3D
created: 2017-10-09 expires: never usage: A
[ultimate] (1)* Dr Duh <[email protected]>
[ unknown] (2) Dr Duh <[email protected]>
gpg> save
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核实密钥
使用gpg -K
命令,如果看到类似下面的内容,说明密钥创建没有问题
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$ gpg -K
/tmp.FLZC0xcM/pubring.kbx
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
sec rsa4096/0xFF3E7D88647EBCDB 2017-10-09 [C]
Key fingerprint = 011C E16B D45B 27A5 5BA8 776D FF3E 7D88 647E BCDB
uid Dr Duh <[email protected]>
ssb rsa4096/0xBECFA3C1AE191D15 2017-10-09 [S] [expires: 2018-10-09]
ssb rsa4096/0x5912A795E90DD2CF 2017-10-09 [E] [expires: 2018-10-09]
ssb rsa4096/0x3F29127E79649A3D 2017-10-09 [A] [expires: 2018-10-09]
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导出密钥
我们需要将主密钥和子密钥都导出,在一个安全的位置妥善保管
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$ gpg --armor --export-secret-keys $KEYID > ./mastersub.key
$ gpg --armor --export-secret-subkeys $KEYID > ./sub.key
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稍后我们会将子密钥移动到Yubikey,移动之后子密钥会在电脑的GPG里永久消失。因此如果你想让子密钥导入到多个Yubikey,或者不想让其永久消失,就一定要将其导出到电脑里
导出公钥
公钥的作用是加密数据,以及验证私钥签名后的数据。Github能够认证是你本人,原理就是通过你预留在Github的公钥验证了你私钥签名后的Commit数据。
如果你要导出公钥,需要这么做
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$ gpg --armor --export $KEYID
-----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----
mQINBGPp9aMBEAC+iZYM5TDSI7ORz1rtdEIjx/N5KBn8ynWHWjhT/9bGSP1ibgLr
...省略
3kVgxuql7MYW3alkHoXxkRJtF3odWOk6EzvIu1QiY2wbiRB6XZ6XwtMC5FnThZCF
Gw==
=PZxa
-----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----
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然后把这个公钥粘贴到Github或者存到本地文件里都行
将GPG密钥移动到Yubikey
配置Yubikey的GPG智能卡
需要注意的是,Yubikey的GPG智能卡和PIV智能卡是分开的,也就是说他俩的PIN和Admin PIN不通用,你需要为GPG智能卡重新设置PIN和Admin PIN
插入Yubikey并进入卡片编辑模式
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$ gpg --card-edit
Reader ...........: Yubico Yubikey 4 OTP U2F CCID
Application ID ...: D2760001240102010006055532110000
Application type .: OpenPGP
Version ..........: 3.4
Manufacturer .....: Yubico
Serial number ....: 05553211
Name of cardholder: [not set]
Language prefs ...: [not set]
Salutation .......:
URL of public key : [not set]
Login data .......: [not set]
Signature PIN ....: not forced
Key attributes ...: rsa2048 rsa2048 rsa2048
Max. PIN lengths .: 127 127 127
PIN retry counter : 3 0 3
Signature counter : 0
KDF setting ......: off
Signature key ....: [none]
Encryption key....: [none]
Authentication key: [none]
General key info..: [none]
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进入管理模式
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gpg/card> admin
Admin commands are allowed
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Yubikey默认的PIN密码是123456,Admin PIN是12345678
使用passwd命令来修改
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gpg/card> passwd
gpg: OpenPGP card no. D2760001240102010006055532110000 detected
1 - change PIN
2 - unblock PIN
3 - change Admin PIN
4 - set the Reset Code
Q - quit
Your selection? 3
PIN changed.
1 - change PIN
2 - unblock PIN
3 - change Admin PIN
4 - set the Reset Code
Q - quit
Your selection? 1
PIN changed.
1 - change PIN
2 - unblock PIN
3 - change Admin PIN
4 - set the Reset Code
Q - quit
Your selection? q
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设置GPG智能卡的一些个人信息(可选)
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gpg/card> name
Cardholder's surname: Duh
Cardholder's given name: Dr
gpg/card> lang
Language preferences: en
gpg/card> login
Login data (account name): [email protected]
gpg/card> list
Application ID ...: D2760001240102010006055532110000
Version ..........: 3.4
Manufacturer .....: unknown
Serial number ....: 05553211
Name of cardholder: Dr Duh
Language prefs ...: en
Sex ..............: unspecified
URL of public key : [not set]
Login data .......: [email protected]
Private DO 4 .....: [not set]
Signature PIN ....: not forced
Key attributes ...: rsa2048 rsa2048 rsa2048
Max. PIN lengths .: 127 127 127
PIN retry counter : 3 0 3
Signature counter : 0
KDF setting ......: on
Signature key ....: [none]
Encryption key....: [none]
Authentication key: [none]
General key info..: [none]
gpg/card> quit
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移动密钥
接下来将电脑中的GPG密钥移动到Yubikey,这是一个无法恢复的单向操作,被移动的密钥将会永久存储在Yubikey里,无法重新导出,只能删除,因此如果你想保留密钥,请务必在移动密钥之前将其导出
进入卡片编辑模式,依次选择3个密钥并移动到卡片里
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gpg> key 1
sec rsa4096/0xFF3E7D88647EBCDB
created: 2017-10-09 expires: never usage: C
trust: ultimate validity: ultimate
ssb* rsa4096/0xBECFA3C1AE191D15
created: 2017-10-09 expires: 2018-10-09 usage: S
ssb rsa4096/0x5912A795E90DD2CF
created: 2017-10-09 expires: 2018-10-09 usage: E
ssb rsa4096/0x3F29127E79649A3D
created: 2017-10-09 expires: 2018-10-09 usage: A
[ultimate] (1). Dr Duh <[email protected]>
gpg> keytocard
Please select where to store the key:
(1) Signature key
(3) Authentication key
Your selection? 1
gpg> key 2
sec rsa4096/0xFF3E7D88647EBCDB
created: 2017-10-09 expires: never usage: C
trust: ultimate validity: ultimate
ssb rsa4096/0xBECFA3C1AE191D15
created: 2017-10-09 expires: 2018-10-09 usage: S
ssb* rsa4096/0x5912A795E90DD2CF
created: 2017-10-09 expires: 2018-10-09 usage: E
ssb rsa4096/0x3F29127E79649A3D
created: 2017-10-09 expires: 2018-10-09 usage: A
[ultimate] (1). Dr Duh <[email protected]>
gpg> keytocard
Please select where to store the key:
(2) Encryption key
Your selection? 2
gpg> key 3
sec rsa4096/0xFF3E7D88647EBCDB
created: 2017-10-09 expires: never usage: C
trust: ultimate validity: ultimate
ssb rsa4096/0xBECFA3C1AE191D15
created: 2017-10-09 expires: 2018-10-09 usage: S
ssb rsa4096/0x5912A795E90DD2CF
created: 2017-10-09 expires: 2018-10-09 usage: E
ssb* rsa4096/0x3F29127E79649A3D
created: 2017-10-09 expires: 2018-10-09 usage: A
[ultimate] (1). Dr Duh <[email protected]>
gpg> keytocard
Please select where to store the key:
(3) Authentication key
Your selection? 3
gpg> save
|
验证子密钥是否成功移动
如果子密钥成功移动,你会看到ssb>,那个>
符号就代表密钥已被移动到卡片,仅在gpg内留下存根
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
|
$ gpg -K
/tmp.FLZC0xcM/pubring.kbx
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
sec rsa4096/0xFF3E7D88647EBCDB 2017-10-09 [C]
Key fingerprint = 011C E16B D45B 27A5 5BA8 776D FF3E 7D88 647E BCDB
uid Dr Duh <[email protected]>
ssb> rsa4096/0xBECFA3C1AE191D15 2017-10-09 [S] [expires: 2018-10-09]
ssb> rsa4096/0x5912A795E90DD2CF 2017-10-09 [E] [expires: 2018-10-09]
ssb> rsa4096/0x3F29127E79649A3D 2017-10-09 [A] [expires: 2018-10-09]
|
在电脑的GPG软件中删除主密钥
我们现在暂时用不到主密钥了,并且也早已将主密钥导出到安全位置。现在最好的操作是在GPG软件中删除主密钥
1
|
$ gpg --delete-secret-key $KEYID
|
结语
现在你已经学会了如何生成GPG密钥并且导入到Yubikey当中
如果要学习如何使用GPG来签名Git的Commit、以及用作SSH登录,请参照我的另一篇文章
引用
https://github.com/drduh/YubiKey-Guide